The formation of spray-ice and a selection of its constitutive properties with comparisons to ice and snow

Steel, M. Abigail (1989) The formation of spray-ice and a selection of its constitutive properties with comparisons to ice and snow. Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

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Abstract

This thesis examines the production of the material spray-ice, and several of its constitutive properties with comparisons drawn to existing spray-ice data as well as snow, ice and soil. Consideration was given as to how spray-ice was best represented as an engineering material and what factors effect its behavior. It was also important to add to the limited existing data base on spray-ice and to review the methods of production. -- After a fairly extensive literature review on spray-ice, solid ice, granular ice and snow and a brief overview of the pressuremeter, the experimental results are presented. A total of thirty-seven pressuremeter tests were performed on first year ice and spray-ice. The production of spray-ice was evaluated through a large-scale test program and laboratory simulation. Finally a series of triaxial tests were performed on the laboratory made spray-ice. -- From these experiments it was found that spray-ice behaved in a manner similar to granular ice or loose sand. However, its failure envelope has a shape that agrees with solid ice or snow. The cohesive properties of spray-ice plays an important role in determining its behaviour. It was found that spray-ice strength and failure type was highly dependent on the confining pressure and consolidation time as well as being affected by the test temperature, strain rate and sample density. The strength trends found in this study do not entirely agree with the results of others on spray-ice, but the strength values and stress-strain curves are similar. The behaviour was comparable in some cases to that of solid, granular ice and snow. The pressuremeter tests performed on spray-ice did not compare well with values in the literature but, in general, agreed with the derived triaxial results. Generally, these tests were effective in evaluating spray-ice but additional work is required to understand this interesting and important material.

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